|
Human factors are the physical or cognitive properties of individuals, or social behavior which is specific to humans, and influence functioning of technological systems as well as human-environment equilibriums. Safety of underwater diving operations can be improved by reducing the frequency of human error and the consequences when it does occur.〔 Human error can be defined〔 as an individual's deviation from acceptable or desirable practice which culminates in undesirable or unexpected results. Dive safety is primarily a function of four factors: the environment, equipment, individual diver performance and dive team performance. The water is a harsh and alien environment which can impose severe physical and psychological stress on a diver. The remaining factors must be controlled and coordinated so the diver can overcome the stresses imposed by the underwater environment and work safely. Diving equipment is crucial because it provides life support to the diver, but the majority of dive accidents are caused by individual diver panic and an associated degradation of the individual diver's performance. - M.A. Blumenberg, 1996〔 Human error is inevitable and everyone makes mistakes at some time. The consequences of these errors are varied and depend on many factors. Most errors are minor and do not cause significant harm, but others can have catastrophic consequences. Examples of human error leading to accidents are available in vast numbers, as it is the direct cause of 60% to 80% of all accidents.〔 In a high risk environment, as is the case in diving, human error is more likely to have catastrophic consequences. A study by William P. Morgan〔 indicates that over half of all divers in the survey had experienced panic underwater at some time during their diving career. These findings were independently corroborated by a survey〔 that suggested 65% of recreational divers have panicked under water. Panic frequently leads to errors in a diver's judgment or performance, and may result in an accident. Human error and panic are considered to be the leading causes of dive accidents and fatalities.〔〔〔〔〔〔 Only 4.46% of the recreational diving fatalities in a 1997 study〔 were attributable to a single contributory cause. The remaining fatalities probably arose as a result of a progressive sequence of events involving two or more procedural errors or equipment failures, and since procedural errors are generally avoidable by a well-trained, intelligent and alert diver, working in an organised structure, and not under excessive stress, it was concluded that the low accident rate in commercial Scuba diving is due to this factor.〔 The study also concluded that it would be impossible to eliminate absolutely all-minor contra-indications of Scuba diving, as this would result in overwhelming bureaucracy and would bring all diving to a halt.〔 ==Factors influencing the performance of a diving team== A dive team may be considered as a system which is influenced by the following factors: * equipment * procedures * organization * environment * individuals * interactions There are considerations associated with each of these factors relating specifically to diving.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Human factors in diving safety」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|